Caffeine and niacinamide form π–π stacking to improve caffeine solubility.

Together with cyclodextrin, they form a dual supramolecular structure (π–π stacking + inclusion), promoting the solubility of poorly soluble actives such as flavonoids and polyphenols.

Provides effects of reducing puffiness, dark circles, anti-hair loss, hair care, and skin brightening.

0.5-1.25%。

Can be added at any stage of formulation and can participate in emulsification, resistant to high temperature.

If pre-dissolution is required, add 2–3 parts of water and heat to form a clear solution before adding into formulation (60–85°C).